Electrode.



icuiTnio sTaTns TaTTuT RUFUS N. CHAMBERLAIN, 0FV CHICAGO, AND SXDNEY J. HALL, GE HNSL,

ASSIGNORS TO GOULD STORAGE BATTERY COMEANY,

YORK.

d missers, .a consonantes' cr new ELECTRODE.

Specification of 'Letters Eatent.

Patented'dct. is,

Application filed December 6, 191%. Sera''lo. 's

To all whom it. may concern Be it known that We, RUFUS N. CHAMBER- LAIN and SIDNEY-J. HALL, lcitizens of the United States ot America, and residents o-' Chicago, county of Cook, and Ctate of Illinois, and State oflllinois, respectively, have invented certain new and useful improvements in Electrodes, of which theollotving is a speciiication. I

ll'nstorage batteries of the general type t which this invention relates, the active material should be submerged in the electrolyte which as far as possible should be maintained at substantially uniform density throughout. Lack oic uniformity in density results in clogging the pores of. the plates with sulfate, because ythe exhausted electrolyte in' the interior cannot diffuse' with the fresh electrolyte as readily as that on the exterior of the plate.

Discharge requires theabstraction of a portion of the chemical constituents from the electrolyte imprisoned in the pores of the plates. Without circulation or the electrolyte the current available is small and the cell Will become apparently discharged. After the cell has stood the electrolyte dii- -uses into the plate and the cell is aga-in active, the delayed discharge being called the residual discharge. A@may construction or arrangement of parts which Jacilita'tes and induces permeation, percolation, circulation, and dillusion of the electrolyte through andl around the active material and' throughout the cell* increases the eiiiciency and ca by rendering all of the material unii'ormly and continuously eilective, and by prevent;- ing the formation of sulfate. Prompt' and continuous displacement of exhaustedl electrolyte by fresh and strong electrolyte at the points of chemical action throughout the body of, the active material largely prevents the setting up of counter electro-motive forces Which tends to oppose the normal iioW of current. The better the circulation or the electrolyte around and through the active material the more perfect Willbethe action of the battery and the less will be the fall of the voltage curve uponl` and throughout the discharge of the battery. forced or a gravity circulation, which will. provide an increase in the quantity of the electrolyte reaching the plate, W'll increase'theA output' Hinsdale, county of Dupage, and

\ in@ this invention.

Icach electrode comprises "ba-r 3, Which in turn upstanding strap or acity` of the cell on continuous high rate dis charge, and vvillJ also tend to prevent clog`- .ging of the pores in the plate by the unequal f formation of sulfate of lead on the active part or the plate.

fllhe'main' ob ects of this invention are to providev an improved construction and arrangementoi the electrodes of storage battery elements .whereby better dilifusion ci the acid may be had so as to enable a greater Vdischarge to talfe place from the active ina-- terial oithe plates, and whereby the active material may be kept in better physical condition by reducing` in amount the variation of acid density in the interior of the active material of the plates; and

for producing circulation of the electrolyte `Witliout'the use of mechanical means, such as circulating pumps, Tia-ily increasing the cost of These objects are accomplished by the .construction shown in the accompanying drawand Withoutmatethe installation.

which shows a perspective vieuT ot a of storage battery electrodes einfaodyn The electrodes of one are shown by full lines, and those ina Group polarity ,of the others are shown dotted.

ln the construction sho'vvn in the drawing, a series ot double plates l arranged in parallel relation to each other, and provided With suitable lugs 2 connected in the usual manner by a orossis provided. With an terminal Zi. Each ci these double plates is made-up of two plates 6, which may and Which are secured close together in sub.- stantially parallel relation to each other. The plates 6 are shown in the formi-oi' open style or perforated grids having their spaces filled with vpaste or formed blocks of active materialV 9. lEach pair oi plates 6 is secured together by narrow strips 10 et lead calledv lead burns, which arey so spaced as to leave large channels between them for the circulationl of the electrolyte. Each block ost active material 9 in the several perforations or openings of the grid has one lace presented` to the `electrolyte between the component grids 6, and its opposite '.taee

presentedl tofthe electrolyte with which. the

electrode is surrounded.

lt will be seenthat each pair. of plates 6 is in ei'ect a single plate having an in-- to provide means be ci any suitable construction lili? ternal cavity for the circulation of electrolyte between and substantially coextensive with the external active surfaces. This inl ternal space is open around substantiallyv the entire perimeter of the electrode, the only obstructions being the narrow lead burns by means of which the edges of the two plates are connected. The electrode 1l may be of the usual single plate construction, or may also be made up of double plates similar to the plates 1.

`Where the component plates 6 are of large area they may be spaced apart vinward of their edges by narrow spacer strips, such as are illustrated at 12 in the drawing. In practice hard rubber has been used for this purpose, but as the plates which they separate are of like polarity it is not essential that these strips be of insulating material. They should, however, be so arranged as not to interfere with the free circulation of Vthe electrolyte between the component plates ing the discharge the active materialis gradually converted into sulfate of lead by the electrolytic action, and at the same time water is formed which lowers the grav ity ofthe acid adjacent to the lactive surface of the plate and in the interior of the active material. It is important that this water be carried away by circulation of the electrolyte so as to-allow the stronger sulfuric acid` of the electrolyte to come into contact with the active material. This is accomplished'in our approved electrode by diffusion of the stronger acid on the outside with the acid which has become weakened by the electrolytic action.

Ordinarily single plates, when discharg ing, are discharged at both surfaces at the same time, and the acid in the active material of the plate is being diluted on both sides by the electrolytic action. Under such circumstances the diffusion of the weak acid with the strong acid is much slower than is the case with the hereindescribed double plates; where each plate or mass of active material has but one side exposed to the electrolytic action, while the other side is exposed to strong acidwhich enters into and permeates the pores of the active material through which it percolates outwardly and thereby not only diffuses with and'carries away the weaker acid from the active side and inter-lor of the plate but also supplies .fresh strong acid throughout the interior of the active material from the inner reservoir of acid provided by the space between the double plates. This produces greater and quicker diffusion because the indefinite masses of diluted acid, if they may be so termed, are of less extent and have av correspondingly greater surface exposed to and in contact with the stronger acid.

As the capacity of the plates largely depends upon the strength of the acid in direct contact therewith, and therefore upon the rapidity with which the acid is diffused, it is apparent that a decided gain in capacity is obtained. This mo-rc rapiddiifusion insures that the variation in acid density, throughout the extent of the surface of the active material, is less than is the case in usual constructions, and this tends to lessen the local'action, disintegration, and chemical wear on the active material.

The following explanation appears to ac'- count for the increased circulation, the improved diffusion of the electrolyte, and the corresponding increase in capacity and increase in the discharge rate of a battery equipped with the herein described double plate construction. During the electrolytic action in discharging the water formed on the active surfaces and in the interstices of the active material of the double plate, dilutes the acid and thereby reduces its density. The acid in the circulation space in the interior of the double plate is, however, of full strength and has correspondingly greater density. The differential gravity of thepcolumns of liquid immediately adjacent to the inner and outer surfaces of the active material, therefore, sets up a circulation'in the electrolyte, the direction of which is upwardly along the outer or active surfaces of the double plate and downwardly along the inner or inactive surfaces of the double plate. Also the denser liquid on the interior of the double plate, by rea-- son of its greater static pressure, forces its way through the active material, facilitating the diffusion of the electrolyte and carrying outwardly toward the active surface the weaker contents of the `interstices of the material. Circulation and the corre# spending mixing of the elctrolyte is present during both charging and discharging. As

the chemical action during charging is the' reverse of the act1on during discharg1ng,`

sulfuric acid is formed in the interior of the plates instead of water when charging, therefore, a rapid charge will form very strong sulfuric acid in the pores of the active material, which tends to dissolve and' otherwise weaken the material. By providing the additional diffusion channels in the back of the plates more rapid and thorough diffusion and percolation takes place, and the strength of the acid formed in and about the active material is accordingly kept down thereby, and the electrolyte rendered substantially uniform in density roi/aser throughout. It is evident, therefore, that the double plate construction, or an equivalent arrangement Which would provide acid circulation spaces behind the electrolytically active faces of the active material, produces greater capacity for the same size and Weight of the elements, and also maintains the active material in better condition, thus largely increasing the life of the element.

A further advantage of the construction illustrated is that the double plate arrangementenables a greater number of plates to be installed in a jar or receptacle of given capacity, as the number of separators is re- 'duced and, therefore, a greater space is' available for plates, for example: ln a cell of the regular single plate arrangement containing thirteen battery plates, sixteen plates of the same size can be substituted by the double plate method thus eight positives instead of siX positives, which is a gain of 88g per cent.

Although but one specific embodiment of thisA invention has been herein shown and described, it will be understood that numerous details of the construct-ion shown may be altered or omitted Without departing from the spirit of this invention as defined by the following claims.

For the purpose of distinguishing loetween the outside surfaces of the double plates and the inside surfaces these surfaces have been hereinbefore referred to as active and inactive surfaces respectivel and they Genies of this patent may be obtained for ingcomplete absence of chemical activity.. For 'the purpose of this specification and claims it may be assumed that the electrolytic action follows the most direct course be tween the positive and negative plates, and that therefore the active surfaces are the surfaces of one elect-rode which are directly opposed to an electrode of opposite polarity7 Whereas the inactive surfaces are those of the same polarity which are directly op posed to each other.

We claim:

A storage battery electrode of hollow construction comprising a pair of complementary perforated plates connected electrically in a substantially integral manner and disposed vertically in closely spaced parallel relation, providing a vertical interior circulation passage for electrolyte and adapt-- ed to constitute the interior portion of -a cir-- culation path .when the plates are immersed `below the surface of the electrolyte, in combination with active material held in and filling the perforations in said platesl and adapted to facilitate ready percolation of electrolyte through said active material in charging and discharging, such percolation being induced by gravity acting upon the unbalanced inner and outer columns of electrolyte having. dierent densities.

Signed at Chicago this 30th day of Nd vember 1912.

RUFUS N. ClLiAltBlR-LAN. SDNEY J. HALL. i `Witnesses: EUGENE A.. Romaanse, M., lerne l-UTCHINGS.

ve cents each, by addressing the Commissioner of Patents. Washington, D. C. 

